高原浅水湖泊沉积物中磷、氮形态化学研究

以滇池马村湾和海东湾为研究对象,对其沉积物－间隙水－上覆水三界面中的磷、氮形态作研究,其中钙结合态磷占的比例最大,其次是有机/细菌聚合态磷和残渣磷;总氮含量很高,平均值为2.63 mg/g,而亚硝酸盐氮含量很低,其它三种无机氮形态（硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮）之间并不存在恒定的化学计量关系,这主要是无机氮循环还受水体和沉积物中有机氮的影响。调查还表明沉积物中Fe P含量与间隙水中溶解性磷酸盐磷有着较好的线性关系,沉积物中Fe P含量与间隙水Eh呈对数关系。     

三峡水库沉积物不同赋存形态磷的时空分布

为了认识三峡水库沉积物磷的赋存状况,利用磷形态标准测试程序SMT法对干流和三条代表性支流(香溪河、大宁河、小江)的柱状沉积物进行了总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、有机磷(OP)、铁/铝磷(Fe/Al-P)、钙磷(Ca-P)的测定,结果表明干流沉积物TP含量为781~1026 mg·kg-1,支流沉积物TP含量为382~1085 mg·kg-1.TP主要由IP组成,OP所占比例较低;IP主要由Ca-P组成,Fe/Al-P所占比例较低.干流TP含量空间差异不显著,但各赋存形态磷的含量普遍高于支流,支流中香溪河磷含量高于大宁河和小江.垂直方向上各赋存形态磷含量在不同沉积深度没有明显规律;TP、IP、Ca-P三者变化趋势较一致,主要受Ca-P含量的影响.鉴于支流的独特水文条件,相比于干流,更应警惕支流沉积物磷的释放风险及其对水体的环境化学效应.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of cyanobacteria in Batticaloa Lagoon

The necessity to understand the relationship between cyanobacterial species abundance and water quality variations in coastal lagoons is crucial to develop strategies to prevent further cyanobacterial proliferation. This paper evaluates the relationship between water quality variations on the distribution of cyanobacteria during a 12-month period in Batticaloa Lagoon (Sri Lanka) using Redundancy analysis and Pearson correlations. Drastic variations in pH, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and total phosphorus (TP) levels were reported, but not turbidity and NO₃⁻. This brackish waterbody is hypereutrophic (TP levels > 0.1 mg/L). The cyanobacterial community contained 13 genera and 22 species. NO₃⁻, TP and turbidity levels positively influenced cyanobacterial abundance during all seasons indicating that nutrient (largely phosphorus) and sediment entry control is highly crucial along with periodic monitoring of cyanobacterial growth.     

天然水体生物膜中汞的蓄积因素及汞的存在形态

为了探讨生物膜对汞的蓄积因素,研究了不同深度、不同培养时间、不同季节等条件对黄浦江生物膜中汞元素含量的影响,并对其存在形态进行分析.结果表明,生物膜中有机质含量较高(7.5%～14.5%);生长时间,水深,季节都是影响生物膜中汞元素蓄积的重要因素;光照越强,温度越高,生长时间越长,生物膜中汞元素含量越高;生物膜中残渣态(41.98%)和有机质结合态(27.89%)的汞含量比较高,碳酸盐结合态(10.17%)和铁锰氧化物结合态(5.33%)的汞含量相对较少.     

胶州湾沉积物中的磷及其环境指示意义

研究了胶州湾沉积物中磷形态的地球化学分布特征、控制因素及环境意义,将胶州湾沉积物中的磷分为可交换态磷、铝结合态磷、铁结合态磷、闭蓄态磷、自生钙磷、碎屑态磷和有机磷7种不同的形态,并结合210Pb测年法计算了不同年代各形态磷的埋藏通量,在此基础上,分析了胶州湾沉积物中磷所给出的环境信息.结果表明,无机磷是胶州湾沉积物中磷的主要形态,有机磷只占较小的比例,无机磷中钙磷占的比例相对较大,其中碎屑态磷是含量最高.磷的含量及埋藏通量的垂向分布受到pH、盐度、温度、生物扰动、沉积速率等环境因子的影响.相关分析及元素的OC/OP比值分析证明,近20a,陆源输入是胶州湾沉积物主要来源,并且沉积速率不断增大.由于近年来采取的较为得力的治污与排放措施,胶州湾的环境状况已有明显改观.研究还表明,Fe-P,Al-P和Oc-P的含量与海域污染程度有较密切的关系,可作为表征海洋沉积环境污染状况的指示因子之一.     

Seasonal Variations and Chemical Forms of Heavy Metals in Soils and Dusts from the Satellite Cities of Seoul, Korea

This research investigated heavy metal pollution of soils and dusts in two representative satellite cities of Seoul, Korea and studied the seasonal variations in metal concentrations through the rainy season and the chemical forms of metals using a sequential extraction analysis. The metal dispersion pattern was illustrated to match with urban structure. Soil and dust samples were collected from the cities of Uijeongbu and Koyang, which are the northern and northwestern satellite cities of Seoul (the capital), before and after rainy season. Concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn were higher than those of the world averages for soils, and their levels decreased after rain, particularly in highly contaminated samples. Relatively high pH values were found in roadside soils, but no seasonal variation was found after the rainy season. The three metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) in soils and dusts were associated with various chemical fractions of soils and dusts as distinguished by the sequential extraction scheme, and a strong similarity of metal association between soils and dusts was found, which indicates that airborne dust may be a principle source of soil contamination. Copper is uniformly distributed, and Pb is largely associated with the reducible phase. There is an appreciable proportion of total Zn in the exchangeable/water-acid soluble fraction. After the rainy season, the most soluble fractions in soils and dusts were leached away. In terms of mobility and bioavailability of metals in soils and dusts, the order Zn >> Cu > Pb is suggested. Geographical variations of total metals corresponded well with urbanised areas of cities, especially the industrial complex and major motorways.     

Characterisation of early responses to cadmium in roots of Salix matsudana Koidz

This study deals with the characterisation of early responses of roots of Salix matsudana in respect to oxidative stress, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms when exposed to 50 μmol/L Cd. Within 12 h, the root length is reduced and the contents of O₂^??, H₂O₂, and malondialdehyde are increased by 49%, 43%, and 35%. Cd is mainly retained in the cell walls; small amounts are distributed into other cell organelles. The largest proportion of Cd is found in the NaCl extractable, pectate-, and protein-integrated fraction.     

不同退耕年限下菜子湖湿地土壤活性铝形态特征

选取菜子湖区不同退耕年限(3、5、7、9、11和21 a)湿地、以仍耕油菜地和原始湿地土壤为研究对照,分析了土壤全铝和活性铝形态组分特征,探讨退耕还湖后湿地土壤铝元素组分特征变化及其生态效应。结果表明,研究区土壤全铝含量和活性铝含量分别在16.78~57.05 g/kg和1 699.94~3 823.49 mg/kg之间,其中活性铝总量占全铝含量的6.70%~11.84%。退耕还湖3~11a期间,土壤全铝、活性铝总量及5种形态活性铝总体均随退耕年限延长而增加;退耕11~21 a期间均下降。不同形态活性铝中,可溶性铝Al S含量最低,而酸溶无机铝和腐殖酸铝Al-HA含量较高,分别占活性铝总量的42%~53%和39%~50%,左右着活性铝总量的变化。分析讨论表明退耕后湿地植被和水文条件的改变导致土壤粘粒,有效磷和有机质的变化,进而影响退耕后土壤活性铝组分特征。其中0~5 cm土壤毒性较强的交换性铝Al3+和羟基铝Al(OH)2+、含量均在退耕3~9 a期间逐渐增加,占活性铝总量的比例也有所增加,该退耕期湿地土壤存在一定的铝毒生态风险。     

铁-锎系合金氧化物污水除磷及再生

采用共沉淀法制备了系列铁-镧系合金氧化物并研究其除磷能力。结果表明：以铁、镧摩尔比为0．08的吸附剂除磷能力最强，吸附曲线适合Langmuir等温线方程。该吸附剂的吸附量受pH影响显著，pH在4．0～7．0之间时吸附量较大。进行了抗共存阴离子能力测试，结果表明CO3 2-对磷吸附量影响较大，给出了共存阴离子对吸附量的影响顺序。对该吸附剂进行了真空高温再生，再生率最高可达62．27％。     

闽江河口互花米草与短叶茳芏湿地土壤无机硫形态分布特征及其影响因素

选择闽江口鳝鱼滩不同淹水环境下两条样带(A样带,远离主潮沟且退潮后无积水;B样带,靠近主潮沟且退潮后有积水)上的短叶茳芏湿地和已被互花米草入侵(入侵前为短叶茳芏湿地)的互花米草湿地为研究对象,探讨不同类型湿地土壤无机硫赋存形态的分布特征及其主控因素.结果表明,B样带上互花米草湿地和短叶茳芏湿地土壤中的水溶性硫(H_2O-S)和吸附性硫(Adsorbed-S)含量总体上低于A样带,而盐酸可溶性硫(HCl-Soluble-S)和盐酸挥发性硫(HCl-Volatile-S)含量则高于A样带.短叶茳芏湿地和互米草湿地土壤中不同形态无机硫的含量在两条样带上整体均表现为HCl-Soluble-SH_2O-SAdsorbed-SHCl-Volatile-S,且二者的总无机硫含量分别占其TS含量的9.02%~15.50%和8.04%~12.73%.与短叶茳芏湿地相比,互花米草入侵分别使A样带土壤中H_2O-S、Adsorbed-S、HCl-Soluble-S、HCl-Volatile-S和总无机硫含量减少了35.2%、36.4%、16.8%、1.8%和26.12%;但使B样带表层土壤的总无机硫含量及0~20 cm土层的HCl-Soluble-S和HCl-Volatile-S含量分别增加了8.34%、15.34%和5.71%.研究发现,非长期淹水条件下,互花米草入侵后可降低湿地土壤有效硫的供给能力;长期淹水条件下,互花米草入侵可通过提高土壤中HCl-Soluble-S的含量增加金属硫化物沉淀,而挥发性硫含量的同步增加则可能对植被生长(特别是根系发育)产生不利影响.